diff --git a/backend/routes/detections.py b/backend/routes/detections.py
index 22e9097..00c00a3 100644
--- a/backend/routes/detections.py
+++ b/backend/routes/detections.py
@@ -8,6 +8,19 @@ from ..models import DetectionsListResponse, Detection
 
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/detections", tags=["detections"])
 
+# Mapping label ASN → score float (0 = très suspect, 1 = légitime)
+_ASN_LABEL_SCORES: dict[str, float] = {
+    'human': 0.9, 'bot': 0.05, 'proxy': 0.25, 'vpn': 0.3,
+    'tor': 0.1, 'datacenter': 0.4, 'scanner': 0.05, 'malicious': 0.05,
+}
+
+
+def _label_to_score(label: str) -> float | None:
+    """Convertit un label de réputation ASN en score numérique."""
+    if not label:
+        return None
+    return _ASN_LABEL_SCORES.get(label.lower(), 0.5)
+
 
 @router.get("", response_model=DetectionsListResponse)
 async def get_detections(
@@ -154,12 +167,6 @@ async def get_detections(
             params["offset"] = offset
             gresult = db.query(grouped_query, params)
 
-            def _label_to_score(label: str) -> float | None:
-                if not label: return None
-                mapping = {'human': 0.9, 'bot': 0.05, 'proxy': 0.25, 'vpn': 0.3,
-                           'tor': 0.1, 'datacenter': 0.4, 'scanner': 0.05, 'malicious': 0.05}
-                return mapping.get(label.lower(), 0.5)
-
             detections = []
             for row in gresult.result_rows:
                 # row: src_ip, first_seen, last_seen, detection_count, unique_ja4s, unique_hosts,
@@ -252,21 +259,6 @@ async def get_detections(
         params["offset"] = offset
         
         result = db.query(main_query, params)
-        
-        def _label_to_score(label: str) -> float | None:
-            if not label:
-                return None
-            mapping = {
-                'human': 0.9,
-                'bot': 0.05,
-                'proxy': 0.25,
-                'vpn': 0.3,
-                'tor': 0.1,
-                'datacenter': 0.4,
-                'scanner': 0.05,
-                'malicious': 0.05,
-            }
-            return mapping.get(label.lower(), 0.5)
 
         detections = [
             Detection(
diff --git a/backend/routes/entities.py b/backend/routes/entities.py
index dba2969..dc7038c 100644
--- a/backend/routes/entities.py
+++ b/backend/routes/entities.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def get_entity_stats(entity_type: str, entity_value: str, hours: int = 24) -> Op
     GROUP BY entity_type, entity_value
     """
     
-    result = db.connect().query(query, {
+    result = db.query(query, {
         'entity_type': entity_type,
         'entity_value': entity_value,
         'hours': hours
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def get_related_attributes(entity_type: str, entity_value: str, hours: int = 24)
         (SELECT groupUniqArrayArray(countries) FROM mabase_prod.view_dashboard_entities WHERE entity_type = %(entity_type)s AND entity_value = %(entity_value)s AND log_date >= toDate(now() - INTERVAL %(hours)s HOUR) AND notEmpty(countries)) as countries
     """
     
-    result = db.connect().query(query, {
+    result = db.query(query, {
         'entity_type': entity_type,
         'entity_value': entity_value,
         'hours': hours
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def get_array_values(entity_type: str, entity_value: str, array_field: str, hour
     ORDER BY count DESC
     """
 
-    result = db.connect().query(query, {
+    result = db.query(query, {
         'entity_type': entity_type,
         'entity_value': entity_value,
         'hours': hours
@@ -318,6 +318,26 @@ async def get_subnet_investigation(
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Erreur: {str(e)}")
 
 
+@router.get("/types")
+async def get_entity_types():
+    """
+    Retourne la liste des types d'entités supportés.
+    NOTE: Cette route DOIT être déclarée avant /{entity_type}/... pour ne pas être masquée.
+    """
+    return {
+        "entity_types": sorted(VALID_ENTITY_TYPES),
+        "descriptions": {
+            "ip": "Adresse IP source",
+            "ja4": "Fingerprint JA4 TLS",
+            "user_agent": "User-Agent HTTP",
+            "client_header": "Client Header",
+            "host": "Host HTTP",
+            "path": "Path URL",
+            "query_param": "Query Param"
+        }
+    }
+
+
 @router.get("/{entity_type}/{entity_value:path}", response_model=EntityInvestigation)
 async def get_entity_investigation(
     entity_type: str,
@@ -340,10 +360,10 @@ async def get_entity_investigation(
     - Query-Params
     """
     # Valider le type d'entité
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=400, 
-            detail=f"Type d'entité invalide. Types supportés: {', '.join(ENTITY_TYPES.keys())}"
+            detail=f"Type d'entité invalide. Types supportés: {', '.join(VALID_ENTITY_TYPES)}"
         )
     
     # Stats générales
@@ -385,10 +405,10 @@ async def get_entity_related(
     """
     Récupère uniquement les attributs associés à une entité
     """
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=400, 
-            detail=f"Type d'entité invalide. Types supportés: {', '.join(ENTITY_TYPES.keys())}"
+            detail=f"Type d'entité invalide. Types supportés: {', '.join(VALID_ENTITY_TYPES)}"
         )
     
     related = get_related_attributes(entity_type, entity_value, hours)
@@ -410,7 +430,7 @@ async def get_entity_user_agents(
     """
     Récupère les User-Agents associés à une entité
     """
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Type d'entité invalide")
     
     user_agents = get_array_values(entity_type, entity_value, 'user_agents', hours)
@@ -432,7 +452,7 @@ async def get_entity_client_headers(
     """
     Récupère les Client-Headers associés à une entité
     """
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Type d'entité invalide")
     
     client_headers = get_array_values(entity_type, entity_value, 'client_headers', hours)
@@ -454,7 +474,7 @@ async def get_entity_paths(
     """
     Récupère les Paths associés à une entité
     """
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Type d'entité invalide")
     
     paths = get_array_values(entity_type, entity_value, 'paths', hours)
@@ -476,7 +496,7 @@ async def get_entity_query_params(
     """
     Récupère les Query-Params associés à une entité
     """
-    if entity_type not in ENTITY_TYPES:
+    if entity_type not in VALID_ENTITY_TYPES:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Type d'entité invalide")
     
     query_params = get_array_values(entity_type, entity_value, 'query_params', hours)
@@ -487,22 +507,3 @@ async def get_entity_query_params(
         "query_params": query_params,
         "total": len(query_params)
     }
-
-
-@router.get("/types")
-async def get_entity_types():
-    """
-    Retourne la liste des types d'entités supportés
-    """
-    return {
-        "entity_types": list(ENTITY_TYPES.values()),
-        "descriptions": {
-            "ip": "Adresse IP source",
-            "ja4": "Fingerprint JA4 TLS",
-            "user_agent": "User-Agent HTTP",
-            "client_header": "Client Header",
-            "host": "Host HTTP",
-            "path": "Path URL",
-            "query_param": "Query Param"
-        }
-    }
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.tsx b/frontend/src/App.tsx
index c78dfb5..1f58e56 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { BrowserRouter, Routes, Route, Link, Navigate, useLocation, useNavigate, useParams, useSearchParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useEffect, useState, useCallback } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { DetectionsList } from './components/DetectionsList';
 import { DetailsView } from './components/DetailsView';
 import { InvestigationView } from './components/InvestigationView';
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import { HeaderFingerprintView } from './components/HeaderFingerprintView';
 import { MLFeaturesView } from './components/MLFeaturesView';
 import ClusteringView from './components/ClusteringView';
 import { useTheme } from './ThemeContext';
+import { useMetrics } from './hooks/useMetrics';
 import { Tooltip } from './components/ui/Tooltip';
 import { TIPS } from './components/ui/tooltips';
 
@@ -403,31 +404,16 @@ function MainContent({ counts: _counts }: { counts: AlertCounts | null }) {
 // ─── App ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 export default function App() {
-  const [counts, setCounts] = useState<AlertCounts | null>(null);
+  const { data: metricsData } = useMetrics();
 
-  const fetchCounts = useCallback(async () => {
-    try {
-      const res = await fetch('/api/metrics');
-      if (res.ok) {
-        const data = await res.json();
-        const s = data.summary;
-        setCounts({
-          critical: s.critical_count ?? 0,
-          high: s.high_count ?? 0,
-          medium: s.medium_count ?? 0,
-          total: s.total_detections ?? 0,
-        });
+  const counts = metricsData
+    ? {
+        critical: metricsData.summary.critical_count ?? 0,
+        high: metricsData.summary.high_count ?? 0,
+        medium: metricsData.summary.medium_count ?? 0,
+        total: metricsData.summary.total_detections ?? 0,
       }
-    } catch {
-      // silently ignore — metrics are informational
-    }
-  }, []);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    fetchCounts();
-    const id = setInterval(fetchCounts, 30_000);
-    return () => clearInterval(id);
-  }, [fetchCounts]);
+    : null;
 
   return (
     <BrowserRouter>
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/client.ts b/frontend/src/api/client.ts
index 597d741..60a60c7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/client.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/client.ts
@@ -147,11 +147,6 @@ export const detectionsApi = {
 };
 
 export const variabilityApi = {
-  getVariability: (type: string, value: string) => 
+  getVariability: (type: string, value: string) =>
     api.get<VariabilityResponse>(`/variability/${type}/${encodeURIComponent(value)}`),
 };
-
-export const attributesApi = {
-  getAttributes: (type: string, limit?: number) =>
-    api.get<AttributeListResponse>(`/attributes/${type}`, { params: { limit } }),
-};
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/BotnetMapView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/BotnetMapView.tsx
index fa96f32..ecd9340 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/BotnetMapView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/BotnetMapView.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -29,9 +30,6 @@ type SortField = 'unique_ips' | 'unique_countries' | 'targeted_hosts';
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function getCountryFlag(code: string): string {
   if (!code || code.length !== 2) return '🌐';
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/BruteForceView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/BruteForceView.tsx
index b53c76e..e12d3c3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/BruteForceView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/BruteForceView.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import DataTable, { Column } from './ui/DataTable';
 import { InfoTip } from './ui/Tooltip';
 import { TIPS } from './ui/tooltips';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -33,9 +34,6 @@ type ActiveTab = 'targets' | 'attackers' | 'timeline';
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 // ─── Sub-components ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/HeaderFingerprintView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/HeaderFingerprintView.tsx
index 211b7da..f6a2e38 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/HeaderFingerprintView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/HeaderFingerprintView.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import DataTable, { Column } from './ui/DataTable';
 import { TIPS } from './ui/tooltips';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -27,9 +28,6 @@ interface ClusterIP {
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function mismatchColor(pct: number): string {
   if (pct > 50) return 'text-threat-critical';
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/HeatmapView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/HeatmapView.tsx
index 8f08bd4..86d44c5 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/HeatmapView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/HeatmapView.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -24,9 +25,6 @@ interface HeatmapMatrix {
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function heatmapCellStyle(value: number, maxValue: number): React.CSSProperties {
   if (maxValue === 0 || value === 0) return { backgroundColor: 'transparent' };
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/MLFeaturesView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/MLFeaturesView.tsx
index c1b11ee..4f6c79c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/MLFeaturesView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/MLFeaturesView.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import DataTable, { Column } from './ui/DataTable';
 import { TIPS } from './ui/tooltips';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -47,9 +48,6 @@ interface ScatterPoint {
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function attackTypeEmoji(type: string): string {
   switch (type) {
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/RotationView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/RotationView.tsx
index 808963e..ebb2799 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/RotationView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/RotationView.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { formatDateShort } from '../utils/dateUtils';
+import { formatDateShort } { formatNumber; } from '../utils/dateUtils'
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ type ActiveTab = 'rotators' | 'persistent' | 'sophistication' | 'hunt';
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function formatDate(iso: string): string {
   if (!iso) return '—';
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/TcpSpoofingView.tsx b/frontend/src/components/TcpSpoofingView.tsx
index 310ad45..b324669 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/TcpSpoofingView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/TcpSpoofingView.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import DataTable, { Column } from './ui/DataTable';
 import { TIPS } from './ui/tooltips';
+import { formatNumber } from '../utils/dateUtils';
 
 // ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -51,9 +52,6 @@ type ActiveTab = 'detections' | 'matrix';
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function formatNumber(n: number): string {
-  return n.toLocaleString(navigator.language || undefined);
-}
 
 function confidenceBar(conf: number): JSX.Element {
   const pct = Math.round(conf * 100);
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ui/Feedback.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ui/Feedback.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4859c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ui/Feedback.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * Composants UI réutilisables pour les états de chargement et d'erreur.
+ * Utiliser ces composants plutôt que de re-déclarer des versions locales.
+ */
+
+/** Spinner centré — affiché pendant le chargement d'une section. */
+export function LoadingSpinner() {
+  return (
+    <div className="flex items-center justify-center py-12">
+      <div className="w-8 h-8 border-2 border-accent-primary border-t-transparent rounded-full animate-spin" />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+interface ErrorMessageProps {
+  message: string;
+}
+
+/** Bandeau d'erreur rouge — affiché quand une requête échoue. */
+export function ErrorMessage({ message }: ErrorMessageProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className="bg-threat-critical/10 border border-threat-critical/30 rounded-lg p-4 text-threat-critical">
+      ⚠️ {message}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/config.ts b/frontend/src/config.ts
index f30e551..63a9c09 100644
--- a/frontend/src/config.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/config.ts
@@ -16,23 +16,9 @@ export const CONFIG = {
   /** Clé localStorage pour la préférence de thème */
   THEME_STORAGE_KEY: 'soc_theme',
 
-  // ── Pagination ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  /** Taille de page par défaut pour les listes */
-  DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE: 50,
-
-  /** Tailles de page disponibles */
-  PAGE_SIZES: [25, 50, 100, 250] as const,
-
   // ── Rafraîchissement ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  /** Intervalle de rafraîchissement automatique des métriques (ms). 0 = désactivé */
-  METRICS_REFRESH_MS: 0,
-
-  // ── Détections ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  /** Score d'anomalie en-dessous duquel une IP est considérée critique */
-  CRITICAL_THRESHOLD: -0.5,
-
-  /** Score d'anomalie en-dessous duquel une IP est considérée HIGH */
-  HIGH_THRESHOLD: -0.3,
+  /** Intervalle de rafraîchissement automatique des métriques (ms). */
+  METRICS_REFRESH_MS: 30_000,
 
   // ── Anubis ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
   /**
@@ -49,8 +35,5 @@ export const CONFIG = {
    *   WEIGH  → trafic suspect — scoré par l'IsolationForest avec signal anubis_is_flagged=1
    */
   ANUBIS_RULES_URL: 'https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/tree/main/data',
-
-  // ── Application ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  APP_NAME: 'JA4 SOC Dashboard',
-  APP_VERSION: '12',
 } as const;
+
diff --git a/frontend/src/hooks/useFetch.ts b/frontend/src/hooks/useFetch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81aea45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/hooks/useFetch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
+
+interface FetchState<T> {
+  data: T | null;
+  loading: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hook générique pour les appels fetch avec gestion loading/error.
+ * Annule automatiquement la requête si le composant est démonté
+ * ou si l'URL change avant que la réponse arrive.
+ *
+ * @param url  URL relative ou absolue à appeler (typiquement "/api/...")
+ * @param deps Dépendances supplémentaires qui déclenchent un re-fetch
+ *             (en plus de url). Équivalent au tableau de deps de useEffect.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const { data, loading, error } = useFetch<MyType>('/api/metrics');
+ */
+export function useFetch<T>(url: string, deps: unknown[] = []): FetchState<T> {
+  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null);
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    setLoading(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    fetch(url)
+      .then((res) => {
+        if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}: ${res.statusText}`);
+        return res.json() as Promise<T>;
+      })
+      .then((json) => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setData(json);
+          setLoading(false);
+        }
+      })
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Erreur inconnue');
+          setLoading(false);
+        }
+      });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [url, ...deps]);
+
+  return { data, loading, error };
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/hooks/useMetrics.ts b/frontend/src/hooks/useMetrics.ts
index 7e07e72..04d022d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/hooks/useMetrics.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/hooks/useMetrics.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { metricsApi, MetricsResponse } from '../api/client';
+import { CONFIG } from '../config';
 
 export function useMetrics() {
   const [data, setData] = useState<MetricsResponse | null>(null);
@@ -19,9 +20,7 @@ export function useMetrics() {
     };
 
     fetchMetrics();
-    
-    // Rafraîchissement automatique toutes les 30 secondes
-    const interval = setInterval(fetchMetrics, 30000);
+    const interval = setInterval(fetchMetrics, CONFIG.METRICS_REFRESH_MS);
     return () => clearInterval(interval);
   }, []);
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/countryUtils.ts b/frontend/src/utils/countryUtils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57ad319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/countryUtils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Convertit un code pays ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 en emoji drapeau.
+ * Utilise les Regional Indicator Symbols Unicode (U+1F1E6…U+1F1FF).
+ * Retourne 🌐 pour les codes invalides ou vides.
+ */
+export function getCountryFlag(code: string): string {
+  if (!code || code.length !== 2) return '🌐';
+  return code
+    .toUpperCase()
+    .replace(/./g, (char) => String.fromCodePoint(char.charCodeAt(0) + 127397));
+}