# Database Schema

The ja4-platform uses ClickHouse as its central data store with database `ja4_processing`. This document describes every table, materialized view, dictionary, and view in the schema.

## Tables

### http_logs_raw

Raw JSON ingest table — direct target for correlator INSERTs.

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `raw_json` | String (ZSTD(3)) | Complete correlated log as JSON string |
| `ingest_time` | DateTime | Insertion timestamp (default: `now()`) |

- **Engine**: MergeTree
- **Partition by**: `toDate(ingest_time)`
- **Order by**: `ingest_time`
- **TTL**: `ingest_time + INTERVAL 1 DAY`

---

### http_logs

Parsed and enriched HTTP log table — populated by `mv_http_logs` materialized view.

| Column | Type | Nullable | Description |
|--------|------|----------|-------------|
| `time` | DateTime | No | Request timestamp |
| `log_date` | Date | No | Date partition key (default: `toDate(time)`) |
| `src_ip` | IPv4 | No | Client source IP |
| `src_port` | UInt16 | No | Client source port |
| `dst_ip` | IPv4 | No | Server destination IP |
| `dst_port` | UInt16 | No | Server destination port |
| `src_asn` | UInt32 | No | Source ASN (enriched via dict_iplocate_asn) |
| `src_country_code` | LowCardinality(String) | No | Source country code |
| `src_as_name` | LowCardinality(String) | No | AS name |
| `src_org` | LowCardinality(String) | No | AS organization |
| `src_domain` | LowCardinality(String) | No | AS domain |
| `method` | LowCardinality(String) | No | HTTP method |
| `scheme` | LowCardinality(String) | No | URL scheme (http/https) |
| `host` | LowCardinality(String) | No | HTTP Host header |
| `path` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Request path |
| `query` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Query string |
| `http_version` | LowCardinality(String) | No | HTTP version |
| `orphan_side` | LowCardinality(String) | No | Orphan side (A, B, or empty) |
| `correlated` | UInt8 | No | 1 if HTTP+TLS correlated |
| `keepalives` | UInt16 | No | Keep-alive request sequence |
| `a_timestamp` | UInt64 | No | Source A event timestamp (ns) |
| `b_timestamp` | UInt64 | No | Source B event timestamp (ns) |
| `conn_id` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | TCP connection identifier |
| `ip_meta_df` | UInt8 | No | IP Don't Fragment flag |
| `ip_meta_id` | UInt16 | No | IP identification |
| `ip_meta_total_length` | UInt16 | No | IP total length |
| `ip_meta_ttl` | UInt8 | No | IP TTL |
| `tcp_meta_options` | LowCardinality(String) | No | TCP options list |
| `tcp_meta_window_size` | UInt32 | No | TCP window size |
| `tcp_meta_mss` | UInt16 | No | TCP MSS |
| `tcp_meta_window_scale` | UInt8 | No | TCP window scale |
| `syn_to_clienthello_ms` | Int32 | No | SYN-to-ClientHello timing (ms) |
| `tls_version` | LowCardinality(String) | No | TLS version |
| `tls_sni` | LowCardinality(String) | No | TLS SNI |
| `tls_alpn` | LowCardinality(String) | No | TLS ALPN |
| `ja3` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | JA3 fingerprint |
| `ja3_hash` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | JA3 MD5 hash |
| `ja4` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | JA4 fingerprint |
| `client_headers` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Comma-separated header names |
| `header_user_agent` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | User-Agent header |
| `header_accept` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Accept header |
| `header_accept_encoding` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Accept-Encoding header |
| `header_accept_language` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Accept-Language header |
| `header_content_type` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Content-Type header |
| `header_x_request_id` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | X-Request-Id header |
| `header_x_trace_id` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | X-Trace-Id header |
| `header_x_forwarded_for` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | X-Forwarded-For header |
| `header_sec_ch_ua` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-CH-UA header |
| `header_sec_ch_ua_mobile` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-CH-UA-Mobile header |
| `header_sec_ch_ua_platform` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-CH-UA-Platform header |
| `header_sec_fetch_dest` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-Fetch-Dest header |
| `header_sec_fetch_mode` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-Fetch-Mode header |
| `header_sec_fetch_site` | String (ZSTD(3)) | No | Sec-Fetch-Site header |
| `anubis_bot_name` | LowCardinality(String) | No | Anubis-detected bot name (default: '') |
| `anubis_bot_action` | LowCardinality(String) | No | Anubis-detected bot action (default: '') |
| `anubis_bot_category` | LowCardinality(String) | No | Anubis-detected bot category (default: '') |

- **Engine**: MergeTree
- **Partition by**: `log_date`
- **Order by**: `(time, src_ip, dst_ip, ja4)`
- **TTL**: `log_date + INTERVAL 7 DAY`

---

### agg_host_ip_ja4_1h

Behavioral aggregation per `(src_ip, ja4, host)` per hour. Uses `AggregatingMergeTree` with `SimpleAggregateFunction` and `AggregateFunction` columns for incremental aggregation.

Key columns include: `window_start`, `src_ip`, `ja4`, `host`, `src_asn`, `hits`, `count_post`, `uniq_paths`, `uniq_query_params`, `tcp_jitter_variance`, `unique_src_ports`, `unique_conn_id`, `orphan_count`, `ip_id_zero_count`, `mss_1460_count`, `uniq_ua`, `url_depth_variance`, `count_anomalous_payload`, `uniq_ja3`, `avg_syn_ms`, `tls12_count`, `count_head`, `count_no_sec_fetch`, `count_generic_accept`, `count_http10`, `ip_df_var`, `avg_ttl`, `ttl_var`, `count_no_wscale`, `count_correlated`, `count_no_accept_enc`, `count_http_scheme`.

- **Engine**: AggregatingMergeTree
- **Order by**: `(window_start, src_ip, ja4, host)`

---

### agg_header_fingerprint_1h

Header-level behavioral fingerprint aggregation per `(src_ip)` per hour.

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `window_start` | DateTime | Hour window start |
| `src_ip` | IPv6 | Source IP |
| `header_order_hash` | SimpleAggregateFunction(any, String) | Hash of header order |
| `header_count` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt16) | Max header count |
| `has_accept_language` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt8) | Accept-Language presence |
| `has_cookie` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt8) | Cookie presence |
| `has_referer` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt8) | Referer presence |
| `modern_browser_score` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt8) | Browser compliance score |
| `ua_ch_mismatch` | SimpleAggregateFunction(max, UInt8) | UA/Client Hints mismatch |
| `sec_fetch_mode` | SimpleAggregateFunction(any, String) | Sec-Fetch-Mode value |
| `sec_fetch_dest` | SimpleAggregateFunction(any, String) | Sec-Fetch-Dest value |

- **Engine**: AggregatingMergeTree
- **Order by**: `(window_start, src_ip)`

---

### ml_detected_anomalies

Anomaly detections above the threat threshold.

Key columns: `detected_at`, `src_ip` (IPv6), `ja4`, `host`, `bot_name`, `anomaly_score` (Float32), `raw_anomaly_score` (Float32), `threat_level`, `model_name`, `recurrence` (UInt32), `campaign_id` (Int32), `reason`, plus all ML feature columns and Anubis enrichment (`anubis_bot_name`, `anubis_bot_action`, `anubis_bot_category`).

- **Engine**: ReplacingMergeTree(detected_at)
- **Order by**: `(src_ip)`
- **TTL**: `detected_at + INTERVAL 30 DAY`

---

### ml_all_scores

All ML classifications (no threshold filter) for observability.

Key columns: `detected_at`, `window_start`, `src_ip`, `ja4`, `host`, `bot_name`, `anomaly_score`, `raw_anomaly_score`, `threat_level`, `model_name`, `correlated`, `campaign_id`, plus ASN and Anubis enrichment.

- **Engine**: ReplacingMergeTree(detected_at)
- **Order by**: `(window_start, src_ip, ja4, host, model_name)`
- **TTL**: `window_start + INTERVAL 3 DAY`

---

### ref_bot_networks

Bot network CIDR reference table.

| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `network` | IPv6CIDR | Network CIDR |
| `bot_name` | LowCardinality(String) | Bot name |
| `is_legitimate` | UInt8 | 1 = legitimate bot |
| `last_update` | DateTime | Last update timestamp |

- **Engine**: ReplacingMergeTree(last_update)
- **Order by**: `(network, bot_name)`

---

### bot_ip / bot_ja4

CSV-backed flat tables for quick bot lookups.

- `bot_ip`: single column `ip` (String) — Engine: File(CSV, 'bot_ip.csv')
- `bot_ja4`: single column `ja4` (String) — Engine: File(CSV, 'bot_ja4.csv')

---

### Anubis Rule Tables

| Table | Key | Columns | Engine |
|-------|-----|---------|--------|
| `anubis_ua_rules` | `id` (UInt64) | `parent_id`, `regexp`, `keys`, `values` | ReplacingMergeTree |
| `anubis_ip_rules` | `prefix` (String) | `bot_name`, `action`, `rule_id`, `has_ua`, `category` | ReplacingMergeTree |
| `anubis_asn_rules` | `asn` (UInt32) | `bot_name`, `action`, `category` | ReplacingMergeTree |
| `anubis_country_rules` | `country_code` (String) | `bot_name`, `action`, `category` | ReplacingMergeTree |

---

### audit_logs

SOC audit trail for dashboard activity.

| Column | Type | Default | Description |
|--------|------|---------|-------------|
| `timestamp` | DateTime | `now()` | Event time |
| `user_name` | LowCardinality(String) | `'soc_user'` | Analyst name |
| `action` | LowCardinality(String) | — | Action performed |
| `entity_type` | LowCardinality(String) | `''` | Entity type (ip, ja4, etc.) |
| `entity_id` | String | `''` | Entity identifier |
| `entity_count` | UInt32 | `0` | Entity count |
| `details` | String (ZSTD(3)) | `''` | JSON details |
| `client_ip` | String | `''` | Analyst client IP |

- **Engine**: MergeTree
- **Partition by**: `toDate(timestamp)`
- **Order by**: `(timestamp, user_name, action)`
- **TTL**: `toDate(timestamp) + INTERVAL 90 DAY`

---

## Materialized Views

### mv_http_logs

- **Source**: `http_logs_raw`
- **Target**: `http_logs`
- **Transformation**: Parses `raw_json` via `JSONExtract*` functions, enriches with ASN data from `dict_iplocate_asn` and Anubis bot detection from `dict_anubis_ua`, `dict_anubis_ip`, `dict_anubis_asn`, `dict_anubis_country`. Uses a 5-level priority cascade for Anubis: UA+IP combined > UA only > IP only > ASN > Country.

### mv_agg_host_ip_ja4_1h

- **Source**: `http_logs`
- **Target**: `agg_host_ip_ja4_1h`
- **Transformation**: Groups by `(toStartOfHour(time), src_ip, ja4, host, src_asn)`. Computes counts, unique values, variances, and aggregate functions for 50+ behavioral features.

### mv_agg_header_fingerprint_1h

- **Source**: `http_logs`
- **Target**: `agg_header_fingerprint_1h`
- **Transformation**: Groups by `(toStartOfHour(time), src_ip)`. Computes header order hash, header count, browser compliance score, Client Hints mismatch.

---

## Dictionaries

### dict_iplocate_asn

- **Source**: CSV file `/var/lib/clickhouse/user_files/iplocate-ip-to-asn.csv`
- **Key**: `network` (String)
- **Layout**: `IP_TRIE`
- **Attributes**: `asn` (UInt32), `country_code`, `name`, `org`, `domain`
- **Lifetime**: 3600–7200 seconds

### dict_bot_ip

- **Source**: CSV file `/var/lib/clickhouse/user_files/bot_ip.csv`
- **Key**: `prefix` (String)
- **Layout**: `IP_TRIE`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name` (String)
- **Lifetime**: 300 seconds

### dict_bot_ja4

- **Source**: CSV file `/var/lib/clickhouse/user_files/bot_ja4.csv`
- **Key**: `ja4` (String)
- **Layout**: `COMPLEX_KEY_HASHED`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name` (String)
- **Lifetime**: 300 seconds

### dict_asn_reputation

- **Source**: CSV file `/var/lib/clickhouse/user_files/asn_reputation.csv`
- **Key**: `src_asn` (UInt64)
- **Layout**: `HASHED`
- **Attributes**: `label` (String)
- **Lifetime**: 300 seconds

### dict_anubis_ua

- **Source**: ClickHouse table `anubis_ua_rules`
- **Key**: `regexp` (String)
- **Layout**: `REGEXP_TREE`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name`, `action`, `has_ip`, `rule_id`, `category`
- **Lifetime**: 300–600 seconds

### dict_anubis_ip

- **Source**: ClickHouse table `anubis_ip_rules`
- **Key**: `prefix` (String)
- **Layout**: `IP_TRIE`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name`, `action`, `rule_id`, `has_ua`, `category`
- **Lifetime**: 300–600 seconds

### dict_anubis_asn

- **Source**: ClickHouse table `anubis_asn_rules`
- **Key**: `asn` (UInt32)
- **Layout**: `FLAT`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name`, `action`, `category`
- **Lifetime**: 300–600 seconds

### dict_anubis_country

- **Source**: ClickHouse table `anubis_country_rules`
- **Key**: `country_code` (String)
- **Layout**: `FLAT`
- **Attributes**: `bot_name`, `action`, `category`
- **Lifetime**: 300–600 seconds

---

## Views

### view_ai_features_1h

Computes 50+ ML features per `(src_ip, ja4, host)` from the last 24 hours by joining `agg_host_ip_ja4_1h` and `agg_header_fingerprint_1h`. Includes:

- Behavioral features: `hits`, `hit_velocity`, `fuzzing_index`, `post_ratio`, `orphan_ratio`
- Connection features: `max_keepalives`, `multiplexing_efficiency`, `port_exhaustion_ratio`
- Browser features: `modern_browser_score`, `ua_ch_mismatch`, `header_order_shared_count`
- TLS features: `alpn_http_mismatch`, `is_alpn_missing`, `sni_host_mismatch`
- L4 features: `tcp_jitter_variance`, `avg_ttl`, `ttl_std`, `syn_timing_cv`
- Reputation: `bot_name` (from dict_bot_ip/dict_bot_ja4), `anubis_bot_name/action/category`
- Derived: `temporal_entropy`, `ja3_diversity_ratio`

### view_ip_recurrence

Aggregates recurrence data from `ml_detected_anomalies`:

```sql
SELECT src_ip, count() AS recurrence,
       min(detected_at) AS first_seen, max(detected_at) AS last_seen,
       min(anomaly_score) AS worst_score,
       argMin(threat_level, anomaly_score) AS worst_threat_level
FROM ml_detected_anomalies GROUP BY src_ip;
```

---

## User Accounts

| User | Permissions | Purpose |
|------|------------|---------|
| `data_writer` | INSERT + SELECT on `http_logs_raw` | Used by correlator service |
| `analyst` | SELECT on `http_logs`, `ml_detected_anomalies`, `ml_all_scores`, `view_ai_features_1h`, `view_ip_recurrence`, `audit_logs` | Used by dashboard/SOC analysts |

> **Security note**: Default passwords are `ChangeMe` — replace with strong passwords before production use. Store credentials in a secrets manager.
